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Original articles

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia infected by melioidosis

  • Dandan Zhu 1 ,
  • Yun Yang 2 ,
  • Zhong Hu 3 ,
  • Mingli Han 1 ,
  • Guangyan Peng 1 ,
  • Zhao Hao , 4,
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  • 1.Department of Critical Care Medicine,The Second Naval Hospital of Southern Theater Command,Hainan 572000,China
  • 2.Department of Critical Care Medicine,Sanya Central Hospital,Hainan 572000,China
  • 3.301 Emergency ICU,Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital,Hainan 572008,China
  • 4.Department of Oncology and Hematology,The Second Naval Hospital of Southern Theater Command,Hainan 572000,China

Received date: 2025-02-26

  Online published: 2025-05-26

Copyright

Copyright by Chinese Medical Association No content published by the journals of Chinese Medical Association may be reproduced or abridged without authorization. Please do not use or copy the layout and design of the journals without permission. All articles published represent the opinions of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy of the Chinese Medical Association or the Editorial Board, unless this is clearly specified.

Abstract

Objective

To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with severe pneumonia infected by melioidosis and explore the related factors affecting the prognosis of patients.

Methods

From January 2020 to April 2024,49 patients with severe pneumonia infected by pseudomalleolus in the Second Naval Hospital of the Southern Theater Command,Sanya Central Hospital and Hainan Branch of the PLA General Hospital were selected as the research objects,and their general information,clinical symptoms,imaging manifestations and laboratory examination results were collected. According to the survival situation of patients with severe pneumonia infected by Bacteroides mallei one month after admission,28 survivors were the control group,and 21 deaths were the observation group. The clinical data of the two groups were compared,and the risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia infected by Bacteroides mallei were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression.

Results

In the observation group,white blood cell count was(10.40±2.48) ×109/L,lymphocyte count was (1.04±0.16)×109/L,interleukin-6 was (64.75±9.20) ng/L and procalcitonin was (1.04±0.16) ng/L. The partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was (47.18±6.94) mmHg,the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was (44.36±7.48) mmHg,the potassium level was (5.37±0.83)mmol/L. The proportion of patchy consolidation in main pathological types was 13 cases (61.90%) and the proportion of involvement of other organs or tissues was 12 cases(57.14%). Compared with the observation group,in the control group,the age was (59.15±7.18) years,the white blood cell count was (8.71±2.39)×109/L,the lymphocyte count was (1.16±0.20)×109/L,the interleukin-6 level was (58.06±9.35) ng/L,and the procalcitonin level was (28.51±8.46) ng/L (assuming values were missing for procalcitonin range). PaO2 was (51.37±7.15) mmHg,PaCO2 was (40.15±6.09) mmHg,the potassium level was (4.62±0.78) mmol/L.The proportion of patchy consolidation in main pathological types was 12 cases(41.38%) and the proportion of involvement of other organs or tissues was 8 cases (27.59%) (P <0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that White blood cell count (OR=1.398,95%CI: 1.017~1.922),lymphocyte count (OR=0.607,95%CI: 0.426~0.864),creatinine (OR=1.548,95%CI:1.117 ~2.145),PaCO2(OR=1.132,95%CI: 1.030~1.245) and large patular degeneration (OR=1.183,95%CI:1.020~1.372) were independent risk factors for the prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia infected with melioidosis (P<0.05).

Conclusion

White blood cell count,creatinine,PaCO2,changes in lymphocyte count,large consolidation,pulmonary infiltration,nodules or cavities,and large plaque consolidation prognostic risk factors in patients with severe pneumonia infected by melioidosis.

Cite this article

Dandan Zhu , Yun Yang , Zhong Hu , Mingli Han , Guangyan Peng , Zhao Hao . Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia infected by melioidosis[J]. Chinese Journal of Lung Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2025 , 18(02) : 289 -294 . DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-6902.2025.02.016

类鼻疽是由类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌引起的严重人畜共患传染病,近年来逐渐增多1。 类鼻疽菌感染可累及多个器官,其中重症肺炎是常见表现形式,病死率高,威胁生命,给医疗卫生系统带来沉重负担2,3,4。 类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎临床表现具有复杂性、多样性及缺乏特异性,易与其他病原体引起肺炎混淆,病情进展过程中出现感染性休克、多器官功能障碍等并发症,临床治疗及预后面临挑战5,6。 了解症状、体征、影像学表现、实验室检查等,有利于全面认识,为临床治疗提供参考7,8。 类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎预后可能受年龄、基础疾病、炎症指标、器官损害程度、是否合并多器官功能障碍、抗生素敏感性及使用时机、支持治疗充分性等影响。 本文对三家医院收治的49 例类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者临床特征及预后影响因素进行分析,报道如下。

资料与方法

一、一般资料

选择2020 年1 月至2024 年4 月南部战区海军第二医院、三亚中心医院及解放军总医院海南分院收治的49 例类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者为对象,年龄50 ~77 岁,平均年龄(61.25±8.42)岁,其中男38 例,女11 例。 吸烟史35 例,糖尿病28 例,慢性阻塞性肺疾病11 例,高血压19 例,高脂血症3 例。发热49 例,咳嗽36 例,咳痰27 例,胸痛13 例,咳血3 例,呼吸困难19 例。 根据入院后1 个月预后进行分组,生存者28 例为对照组,死亡者21 例为观察组。 纳入标准:(1)经病原学确诊为类鼻疽菌感染,且符合重症肺炎诊断标准者9;(2)年龄>18 岁;(3)抗生素治疗前经计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)影像学明确肺内炎症改变;(4)临床资料完整。 排除标准:(1)合并恶性肿瘤晚期者;(2)合并终末期肾病、肝衰竭等严重基础疾病者;(3)合并细菌、病毒等其他病原体感染者;(4)合并免疫系统疾病者;(5)合并肺结核等其他肺部疾病者;(6)合并凝血功能障碍者。 本项目经医院医学伦理委员会审批(N22025001)。

二、研究方法

1. 资料收集: 通过医院电子病历系统收集患者临床资料,包括年龄、性别、吸烟史、基础疾病。 临床症状,包括发热、咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛、咯血、呼吸困难等。 血常规为白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比例、淋巴细胞比例;炎症指标为白细胞介素-6,C 反应蛋白、降钙素原;肝肾功能为丙氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酐;动脉血气分析为PaO2、PaCO2; 血清电解质为钠、钾、钙;凝血指标:凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间。胸部X 线片及CT 扫描结果,观察肺部病变、形态、重要征象等。
2. 治疗情况: 患者治疗情况,包括抗菌药物的使用、呼吸支持、血管活性药物治疗等;观察并发症,如急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒症、多器官功能障碍综合征、肺脓肿。
3. 预后判断: 根据入院1 个月内存活情况进行判断,记录死亡时间及死亡原因。

三、统计学方法

应用SPSS25.0 统计学软件进行数据分析。 计数资料用[n(%)]表示,无序二分类资料或多分类资料组间比较采用χ2 检验,等级资料采用秩和检验;计量资料用均值±标准差()表示,组间比较采用t 检验;采用多因素Logistic 回归分析筛选类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者预后的危险因素;P<0.05 具有统计学意义。

结 果

一、两组类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎临床资料结果

类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数等异常变化,炎症指标升高,血气指标参数。 两组平均年龄、白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、白细胞介素-6、降钙素原、肌酐、动脉血氧分压、动脉血二氧化碳分压、钾水平、主要病理类型、其他器官或组织受累差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 两组类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者临床资料结果比较,见表1
表1 两组类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者临床资料结果比较
临床资料 观察组(n=21) 对照组(n=28) χ 2 /t P
吸烟史[n(%)] 16(76.19) 19(67.86) 0.315 0.574
基础疾病[n(%)]
 糖尿病 14(66.67) 14(50.00) 1.116 0.291
 慢性阻塞性肺疾病 5(23.81) 6(21.43) 0.069 0.793
 高血压 9(42.86) 10(35.71) 0.363 0.547
 高脂血症 2(9.52) 1(3.57) 0.797 0.372
白细胞计数[×109 / L,(xˉ± s )] 10.40±2.48 8.71±2.39 2.415 0.020
中性粒细胞比例[%,(xˉ± s )] 83.51±10.76 81.59±9.84 0.645 0.522
淋巴细胞计数[×109 / L,(xˉ± s )] 1.04±0.16 1.16±0.20 2.354 0.023
白细胞介素-6[ng/ L,(xˉ± s )] 64.75±9.20 58.06±9.35 2.520 0.016
C 反应蛋白[mg/ L,(xˉ± s )] 167.84±29.87 160.41±23.54 0.947 0.350
降钙素原[ng/ L,(xˉ± s )] 33.66±7.49 28.51±8.46 2.272 0.028
ALT[IU/ L,(xˉ± s )] 81.45±12.93 78.38±10.57 0.893 0.378
肌酐[μmol,(xˉ± s )] 179.83±21.45 161.36±24.16 2.849 0.007
PaO2[mmHg,(xˉ± s )] 47.18±6.94 51.37±7.15 2.080 0.043
PaCO2[mmHg,(xˉ± s )] 44.36±7.48 40.15±6.09 2.120 0.041
钠[mmol/ L,(xˉ± s )] 118.49±15.37 124.05±14.21 1.303 0.200
钾[mmol/ L,(xˉ± s )] 5.37±0.83 4.62±0.78 3.234 0.002
钙[mmol/ L,(xˉ± s )] 1.12±0.33 1.20±0.27 0.912 0.368
凝血酶原时间[s,(xˉ± s )] 17.32±3.06 16.15±2.97 1.351 0.184
活化部分凝血活酶时间[s,(xˉ± s )] 62.48±8.12 59.83±9.72 1.048 0.300

注:ALT 为丙氨酸氨基转移酶;PaO2 为动脉血氧分压;PaCO2 为动脉血二氧化碳分压

二、两组类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎影像学结果

两组肺部影像学检查以多肺叶受累和大斑片状实变为主,两组类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者影像学检查结果,见表2
表2 两组类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者影像学检查结果比较[n(%)]
影像学特征 观察组(n=21) 对照组(n=28) χ 2 P
受累肺叶数 0.012 0.913
 单 3(14.29) 5(17.86)
 多 18(85.71) 23(82.14)
主要病理形态 2.063 0.007
 结节 5(23.81) 11(39.29)
 斑片状毛玻璃样变 3(14.29) 6(20.69)
 大斑片状实变 13(61.90) 11(39.29)
肺不张 4(19.05) 9(32.14) 0.910 0.340
支气管征 13(61.90) 16(57.14) 0.227 0.634
肺门征 14(66.67) 13(46.43) 2.339 0.126
空洞 7(33.33) 6(21.43) 1.012 0.314
气液平面 0(0.00) 1(3.57) 0.027 0.870
胸腔积液 10(47.62) 9(32.14) 1.422 0.233
胸腔增厚和黏连 6(28.57) 11(39.29) 0.476 0.490
纵膈淋巴结肿大 3(14.29) 5(17.86) 0.012 0.913
其他器官或组织受累 12(57.14) 8(28.57) 4.434 0.035

三、两组类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者预后情况

49 例入院后1 个月内存活28 例(57.14%),死亡21 例(42.86%),死因为脓毒症及脓毒性休克10 例,感染性肺损伤及呼吸衰竭8 例,多器官功能障碍综合征综合征3 例。 抗菌药物:单一用药21 例(42.86%),二联用药23 例(46.94%),三联用药6 例(12.24%)。 血管活性药物24 例(48.98%)。 并发症:急性呼吸窘迫综合征18 例(36.73%)、脓毒症15 例(30.61%)、多器官功能障碍3 例(6.12%),肺脓肿4 例(8.16%)。

四、类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者预后影响因素

以类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者预后情况(是否死亡:是=1,否=0)为因变量,对平均年龄、白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、白细胞介素-6、降钙素原、肌酐、动脉血氧分压、PaCO2、钾、主要病理类型(大斑片状实变=1,其他=0)、其他器官或组织受累(是=1,否=0)进行赋值;多因素Logistic 回归分析显示,白细胞计数(OR = 1.398)、淋巴细胞计数(OR =0.607)、肌酐(OR=1.548)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(OR=1.132)及大斑片状实变(OR=1.183)是类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者预后危险因素(P<0.05),类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎预后多因素Logistic 回归分析,见表3
表3 类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎预后多因素Logistic回归分析
影响因素 β 标准误差 Wald P OR 95%CI
下限 上限
白细胞计数 0.335 0.162 4.253 0.039 1.398 1.017 1.922
淋巴细胞计数 -0.499 0.180 7.669 0.006 0.607 0.426 0.864
白细胞介素-6 0.037 0.039 0.902 0.342 1.038 0.961 1.120
降钙素原 0.052 0.042 1.538 0.215 1.053 0.970 1.143
肌酐 0.437 0.167 6.883 0.009 1.548 1.117 2.145
PaO2 -0.081 0.053 2.372 0.124 0.922 0.831 1.022
PaCO2 0.124 0.048 6.610 0.010 1.132 1.030 1.245
0.547 0.383 2.033 0.154 1.727 0.815 3.661
大斑片状实变 0.168 0.076 4.911 0.027 1.183 1.020 1.372
其他器官或组织受累 0.982 0.713 1.899 0.168 2.670 0.660 10.797

注:PaO2 为动脉血氧分压;PaCO2 为动脉血二氧化碳分压

讨 论

类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎临床症状以发热、咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难为主,肺部受到类鼻疽菌感染刺激,机体出现明显炎症反应,呼吸道为排除分泌物产生保护性反射动作,随着病情进展,肺部炎症渗出,气体交换功能受损,逐渐出现咳痰、呼吸急促等,呼吸困难严重时需借助机械通气维持呼吸功能,为治疗原发病争取时间10,11。 类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎时,机体炎症反应快速激活,白细胞增多以对抗病原体,诱导白细胞介素-6、C 反应蛋白、降钙素原等炎症介质大量释放,对判断病情和指导抗菌治疗有临床意义12。 类鼻疽菌对多种抗菌药物具有耐药性,治疗时需根据当地细菌耐药情况、患者病情严重程度等综合考虑,必要时联合使用抗菌药物13,14。 淋巴细胞计数减少提示类鼻疽菌感染抑制机体细胞免疫功能,即淋巴细胞生成,受肺部气体交换影响,动脉血氧分压下降、动脉血二氧化碳分压升高等动脉血气参数和钠、钾、钙离子等血清电解质紊乱,重症患者出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征,常规机械通气难以纠正异常血气参数,需采取肺保护通气策略减轻肺损伤15,16,17。 类鼻疽菌感染导致严重炎症反应和脓毒症等并发症,引起机体肝、肾等多器官功能障碍,采取综合治疗,除常规对症支持治疗外,进行营养支持治疗18,19。 肺部影像学检查发现,类鼻疽菌感染常为多个肺叶同时受累及表现为大片状的密度增高影,反映了感染的广泛程度和严重性,肺部炎症反应导致肺组织实变,影响肺部正常通气和换气功能,加重呼吸困难等症状20。 临床上对类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者,需综合各类临床症状、实验室检查和肺部影像学表现进行诊断、判断病情严重程度,制定合理治疗方案,密切监测病情变化,及时调整治疗方案。
类鼻疽菌感染致病性和侵袭性强,类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎起病隐匿,临床表现复杂多样,可能出现败血症、多器官功能障碍综合征等严重并发症,类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎病死率高达40%21,22,23。 本文通过多因素Logistic 回归分析发现,白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、肌酐、PaCO2 及大斑片状肺实变是影响类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者预后的危险因素。 感染类鼻疽菌后激活机体免疫系统,对抗感染中发挥重要作用,淋巴细胞和白细胞参与免疫反应,白细胞计数异常升高提示炎症介质大量释放,组织、器官严重损伤,淋巴细胞异常降低提示机体免疫防御功能丧失,病情恶化24,25,26。 对于类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者,白细胞计数和淋巴细胞可反映类鼻疽菌清除情况及机体损伤控制情况,有助预后判断,采取相关干预措施,降低死亡风险。 肺部影像学特征显示,大斑片状实变为类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎常见表现,提示患者肺部存在大面积炎症渗出和实变,严重影响肺部的通气和换气功能,导致PaCO2 升高,引发肺不张、胸腔积液等并发症,加重呼吸衰竭,对预后产生严重负面影响27。 肌酐作为反映肾功能的重要指标,类鼻疽菌感染可能直接侵犯肾脏造成肾功能损害,全身炎症反应作用下降低肾功能灌注,影响机体代谢和内环境稳定,牵连其他器官,增加不良预后28,29。类鼻疽菌感染增加肝、肾功能损伤风险,影响机体正常代谢功能,器官间相互作用引起多个器官的功能障碍,预后30。 这些危险因素,对类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者病情和预后进行判断,采取针对性治疗措施,如控制感染、调节免疫、保护肾功能、改善呼吸功能等,降低不良预后风险,提高治愈率。
类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎具有高热、呼吸困难等临床表现,血常规、炎症指标等实验室检查异常,临床应密切关注类鼻疽菌感染重症肺炎患者的白细胞计数、肌酐、PaCO2、淋巴细胞计数变化及大斑片状肺实变影像学特征,积极救治以提高生存率。
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