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Chinese Journal of Lung Diseases(Electronic Edition) ›› 2025, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (02): 266-272. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-6902.2025.02.012

• Original articles • Previous Articles    

Clinical significance of ctDNA in predicting recurrence risk of non-small cell lung cancer after adjuvant chemotherapy

Xia Wang1, Gaofeng Yuan1, Guangli Bian2, Huijun Jia3, Guang Han4, Zhen Song1, Zhugen Cao1,()   

  1. 1. Department of Oncology,Suqian Branch,Jiangsu Province Hospital,Suqian,Jiangsu 223800,China
    2. Department of Imaging,Suqian Branch,Jiangsu Province Hospital,Suqian,Jiangsu 223800,China
    3. Cardiothoracic surgery,Suqian Branch,Jiangsu Province Hospital,Suqian,Jiangsu 223800,China
    4. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,Suqian Branch,Jiangsu Province Hospital,Suqian,Jiangsu 223800,China
  • Received:2024-12-19 Online:2025-04-25 Published:2025-05-26
  • Contact: Zhugen Cao

Abstract:

Objective

To analyze the significance of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in predicting the risk of recurrence after adjuvant chemotherapy in resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

A total of 40 patients with NSCLC who underwent radical surgical resection and received adjuvant chemotherapy were selected from our hospital from January 2020 to May 2023. Blood samples were collected and ctDNA analysis was performed on tumor tissue and plasma samples by macrogene second generation sequencing.Relapse-free survival (RFS) was recorded,and the correlation between ctDNA and relapse after adjuvant chemotherapy was analyzed.

Results

At least 1 gene mutation was found in 40 cases,TP53 mutation was found in 27 cases (67.50%). ctDNA was positive in 30 patients (75.0%) and TP53 gene mutation rate was 66.67% (20/30). There were 8 ctDNA positive cases and 32 ctDNA negative cases. Positive ctDNA was associated with pathological TNM stage (P=0.047),and the positive rate of ctDNA in stage ⅠB/Ⅱand Ⅲpatients was 10.71% (3/28) and 41.67% (5/12),respectively. COX regression analysis showed that positive ctDNA after surgery (OR=4.028,P=0.048) and positive ctDNA after adjuvant chemotherapy (OR=5.049,P=0.036) were risk factors for recurrence of resectable NSCLC after adjuvant chemotherapy. In the 40 cases,10 cases(25.00%) relapsed,including 6 cases in mediastinal lymph nodes,1 cases in lung,2 cases in neck,1 cases in chest,7 cases in pemetrexed + carboplatin,3 cases in paclitaxel + carboplatin. During the follow-up period,39 patients survived,and 1 patient died after 5 months recurrence due to new signs of the right pulmonary hilum with bone metastasis. Of the 8 cTDNA-positive patients,4 caseshad N2 stage,of which 3 cases had mediastinal lymph node recurrence. K-M curve analysis showed that the recurrence rate of cTDNA-positive patients was 50.0% (4/8) higher than that of cTDNA-negative patients 18.75% (6/32). The median RFS were 103 d and 283 d,respectively (log rank χ2 =4.576,P=0.032). ctDNA was positive in 9 cases(22.50%) after adjuvant chemotherapy,including pemetrexed + carboplatin in 7 cases and paclitaxel +carboplatin in 2 cases. K-M curve analysis showed that compared with 12.90% (4/31) of ctDNA-negative patients after adjuvant chemotherapy,ctDNA-positive patients had a higher recurrence rate 66.67% (6/9) and a shorter median RFS (287 d vs. 135 d) (log rank χ2=13.049,P<0.001). The recurrence rate of 26 cases with negative ctDNA after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy was 11.54%. The recurrence rate of 3 patients with ctDNA positive after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy was 100.0%. After adjuvant chemotherapy,the recurrence rate of ctDNA negative to positive was 50.00% in 6 cases and 20.00% in 5 cases.

Conclusion

Positive ctDNA after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with a higher risk of postoperative recurrence in patients with NSCLC. ctDNA can be used as a prognostic marker of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in NSCLC.

Key words: Non-small cell lung cancer, Circulating tumor DNA, Recurrence, Adjuvant chemotherapy

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